What Makes Someone a Jew? Covenant vs. Ethnicity in the Struggle for Jewish Identity

For most of history, being Jewish was not about bloodline—it was about covenant. The people of God were not simply those born into Israel but those who committed to living according to God’s justice and righteousness. 

Yet today, Zionism has rewritten this definition, reducing Jewish identity to ethnicity, nationalism, and territorial claims. This shift has profound implications—not just for Judaism itself, but for global politics and justice.

The Biblical Definition: Covenant, Not Race

Throughout the Hebrew scriptures, belonging to Israel was primarily about faithfulness, not ancestry.

 The Exodus Community included a “mixed multitude” (Exodus 12:38), non-Israelites who joined Israel and were accepted into the covenant.

Ruth the Moabite became part of Israel not by blood but by declaring, “Your people shall be my people, and your God my God.” (Ruth 1:16)

The prophets constantly warned Israel that failing to live justly would separate them from God, no matter their lineage.

In short, being part of Israel meant following God’s ways—it was never an ethnic entitlement.

The Rabbinic Tradition: A People Defined by Torah

After the destruction of the Temple, Jewish identity became more centered around Torah observance and rabbinic tradition.

Conversion to Judaism remained possible—Jewishness was still defined by commitment, not just ancestry.

While matrilineal descent became an identifier, Torah and communal life were the core of Jewish belonging.

The Zionist Distortion: Jewishness as Ethno-Nationalism

Zionism rejected the traditional understanding of Jewish identity and replaced it with a modern nationalist definition based on race and territory:

 Zionism made Jewishness about ethnicity rather than faithfulness.

It removed the ethical and covenantal obligations, reducing Jewish identity to land ownership and national sovereignty.

It justified oppression of non-Jews (especially Palestinians) based on racial entitlement to land.

In this way, Zionism is not Judaism—it is a perversion of it. It has turned a covenant of justice into a weapon of nationalism and militarism.

Conclusion: Reclaiming True Jewish Identity—
For All Who Live by It

God cares about the heart, not the bloodline. It has never mattered what race, nationality, or status a person holds—what matters is whether one lives with agape, a sense of responsibility to the universal good, and a commitment to the well-being of life and the planet.

 And what of those who do not believe in God at all, yet dedicate their lives to these same values? Would God not consider them His people also?

 If God is the symbol of justice, love, and the highest calling of human life, then those who live by these principles—whether in His name or not—are fulfilling the very purpose for which Israel was chosen.

 This is what God expected Israel to be when He made His covenant with them—not a nation obsessed with power and land, but a people dedicated to justice, mercy, and love.

 If Jewish identity is about covenant and righteousness, then Zionism—which justifies oppression, land theft, and racial supremacy—is a betrayal of that identity.

 The real question is: Will humanity reclaim its true heritage—the way of love and justice—or will we continue to be divided by those who corrupt and distort it?